1. ping
ping example.comSends ICMP requests to test network reachability.
2. curl
curl http://example.comTransfers data from or to a server using multiple protocols.
3. wget
wget http://example.com/fileDownloads files from the web via HTTP/HTTPS/FTP.
4. ifconfig
ifconfigDisplays or configures network interfaces (older tool).
5. ip
ip addr, ip routeReplaces ifconfig for interface and routing info.
6. netstat
netstat -tulnpDisplays listening ports and active connections.
7. ss
ss -tulnFaster replacement for netstat.
8. traceroute
traceroute example.comShows the route packets take to reach a host.
9. nslookup
nslookup example.comPerforms DNS queries to resolve domain names.
10. dig
dig example.comAnother powerful DNS lookup tool.
11. nmap
nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24Scans networks for hosts and open ports.
12. arp
arp -aDisplays the system’s ARP table.
13. hostname
hostnameShows or sets the system’s hostname.
14. nmcli
nmcli dev statusCommand-line tool to control NetworkManager.
15. iperf3
iperf3 -c serverTests network bandwidth between systems.
16. whois
whois example.comRetrieves domain registration information.