1. ls
ls -laLists files with details including hidden files.
2. cd
cd /path/to/directoryChanges the current working directory.
3. pwd
pwdPrints the current working directory path.
4. mkdir
mkdir newfolderCreates a new directory.
5. rmdir
rmdir folderRemoves an empty directory.
6. rm
rm file.txtDeletes a file. Use -r for directories.
7. cp
cp file1.txt file2.txtCopies files or directories.
8. mv
mv old.txt new.txtMoves or renames files and directories.
9. tree
treeDisplays directory structure as a tree (requires package).
10. stat
stat filenameDisplays detailed file information including timestamps.
11. du
du -sh *Shows disk usage of files and directories.
12. df
df -hDisplays free and used disk space.
13. basename
basename /path/file.txtExtracts filename from a full path.
14. dirname
dirname /path/file.txtExtracts directory path from a full path.
15. file
file name.binDetermines file type based on content.
16. mount/umount
mount /dev/sdX /mnt, umount /mntMounts or unmounts filesystems.